Auditory Processing Disorders

Auditory processing disorders (APDs) arise from issues in the auditory cortex, the part of the brain where sounds are prioritized or removed (6:10); this is a particular issue for individuals with autism (7:00), as atypical auditory behaviors are predictors of ASD. Auditory attention and filtering difficulties can impact emotional and physical well-being (7:26). Schwartz explicitly stresses the impact of ADPs on language acquisition and describes how auditory differences can influence language development via

1. Inability to detect and organize patterns in speech (8:15),
2. Lack of response to salient speech (8:40), especially to one’s name, and
3. Aversion and avoidance of sound (9:20).

Language and Communication

Language and auditory impairments can make learning, working, living, and socializing difficult (10:20). One-third of individuals diagnosed with autism never learn to communicate using fluent language (10:00). Further, a study of data from 2015 found that the yearly cost for individuals with autism across their lifespan is nearly twice as much if they have a language impairment (10:50). Therefore, Schwartz states, it is imperative to establish how auditory processing difficulties impact language acquisition and quality of life (10:00).  

EEG Research

The presenter outlines her research using EEGs to develop a brain measure that captures sound processing deficits that indicate whether a child (0 – 1 year) is at risk for auditory and language processing disorders (14:35). Study 1 (15:53) found that children with major language impairments responded differently to sound from their verbally fluent autistic peers (17:00). Study 2 (19:49) showed that people with auditory processing difficulties are less likely to differentiate their own name (21:00) from someone else’s. Both studies found a positive linear trend between response strength and observed behavior characteristics of an ADP (24:00).

Schwartz asserts that these findings reaffirm that atypical responses to sounds are not behavioral problems. On the contrary, biological evidence shows that activity in the brain is different (26:30). She suggests that neurological imbalances of excitatory and inhibitory brain signals may cause decreased signal-to-noise transmission of incoming inputs. This induces rapid-fire to all inputs with little distinction or prioritization, which can cause important signals to be lost in the noise (25:18). She suggests directions for future research and emphasizes the need to validate measurements and treatments specific to ADPs (27:00). Schwartz posits that future research should ultimately aim to detect signs of autism and auditory/language impairment earlier in childhood and find the best interventions for each patient. 

Diagnosis

Current diagnostic assessments and treatments specific to ADPs are limited and require further validation (33:40). Schwartz advocates investing in intensive early interventions (> age 5) that occur for multiple hours a week (11:35). She discusses Auditory Integration Training (AIT) as a known treatment noting it is not empirically validated (29:00). Schwartz lists potential supports for intensive interventions, including Joint Attention Treatments (JASPR) (29:48), speech-language pathology (30:06), parent education (30:26), and more (29:27). She urges healthcare and government providers to support these initiatives as funding for detection and intervention before age five can make a difference for non-verbal children (32:00) and could significantly contribute to the quality of life and long-term cost (11:50). Schwartz closes with a Q&A session (34:12). She discusses finding knowledgeable providers, the validity of assessments, resource groups, classrooms and personalized interventions, auditory processing issues in adults with autism, music therapy, animal companions, parent tips for working with clinicians, and more.